The McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics A-12 Avenger II was a proposed American ground-attack aircraft from McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics. It was to be an all-weather, carrier-based stealth bomber replacement for the Grumman A-6 Intruder in the United States Navy and Marine Corps. Its Avenger II name was taken from the Grumman TBF Avenger of World War II.
The development of the A-12 was troubled by cost overruns and several delays, causing questions of the program's ability to deliver upon its objectives; these doubts led to the development program being canceled in 1991. The manner of its cancellation has been contested through litigation to this day.
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 37 ft 10 in (11.5 m)
- Wingspan:
- Unfolded: 70 ft 3 in (21.4 m)
- Folded: 36 ft 3 in (11.0 m)
- Height: 11 ft 3 in (3.4 m)
- Wing area: 1,308 ft² (122 m²)
- Empty weight: 39,000 lb (17,700 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 80,000 lb (36,300 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × General Electric F412-GE-D5F2 non-afterburning turbofans, 13,000 lbf (58 kN) each
- Maximum fuel capacity: 21,322 pounds (9,700 kg) (internal)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 500 knots (580 mph, 930 km/h)
- Range: 800 nmi (920 mi, 1,480 km)
- Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,200 m)
- Rate of climb: 5,000 ft/min (25 m/s)
- Wing loading: 61 lb/ft² (300 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.325
Armament
- Payload capability: 5,160 pounds (2,300 kg) in internal weapons bay including:
- 2× AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles
- 2× AGM-88 HARM air-to-ground missiles
- Unguided or precision-guided bombs
The United States Navy began the Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) program in 1983. The program was to develop and field a replacement for the A-6 Intruder by 1994. Stealth technology developed for the United States Air Force would be used heavily in the program. Concept design contracts were awarded to the industry teams of McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics, and Northrop/Grumman/Vought in November 1984. The teams were awarded contracts for further concept development in 1986.
The McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics team was selected as the winner on 13 January 1988, the rival team lead by Grumman surprisingly failed to submit a final bid. The McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics team was awarded a development contract and the ATA aircraft was designated A-12. The first flight was initially planned for December 1990. The A-12 was named Avenger II in homage to the World War II-era Navy torpedo-bomber Grumman TBF Avenger.
The Navy initially sought to buy 620 A-12s and Marines wanted 238. In addition, the Air Force briefly considered ordering some 400 of an A-12 derivative. The A-12 was promoted as a possible replacement for the Air Force's General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, and for the United Kingdom's Panavia Tornado fighter-bombers. The craft was a flying wing design in the shape of an isosceles triangle, with the cockpit situated near the apex of the triangle. The A-12 gained the nickname "Flying Dorito".
The aircraft was to be powered by two General Electric F412-D5F2 turbofan engines, each producing about 13,000 pounds-force (58 kN) of thrust. It was designed to carry precision guided weapons internally, up to two AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles, two AGM-88 HARM air-to-ground missiles and a complement of air-to-ground ordnance, including unguided or precision-guided bombs, could be carried in an internal weapons bay. It has been claimed that the A-12 was to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons held in its internal weapons bay as well. The A-12 was to have a weapons load of 5,160 pounds (2,300 kg).
Beginning in early 1990 McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics revealed delays and projected cost increases. The weight of the aircraft had significantly increased due to complications with the composite materials used, the weight being 30% over design specification, this was a significantly negative factor for carrier-based operations. Technical difficulties with the complexity of the radar system to be used also caused costs to increase; by one estimate the A-12 was to consume up to 70% of the Navy's budget for aircraft. After delays, its critical design review was successfully completed in October 1990; the A-12's maiden flight was rescheduled to early 1992. In December 1990, it was planned for 14 Navy aircraft carriers to equipped with a wing of 20 A-12s each.
A government report released in November 1990 documented serious problems with the A-12 development program. In December 1990 Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney told the Navy to justify the program and deliver reasons why it should not be canceled. The response given by the Navy and the contractors failed to persuade the Secretary of Defense, as he canceled the program in the following month, on 7 January 1991, for breach of contract.
The government felt the contractors could not complete the program and instructed them to repay most of the $2 billion that had been spent on A-12 development. McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics disputed this in Federal Claims court; the reasons and causes for the cancellation have been debated and remain an issue of controversy, with suggestions of political expediency and scheming mooted to be behind the action.
