Libyan War Causes and Background

The 2011 Libyan uprising began on 15 February 2011 as a civil protest and has since become a widespread uprising. On 25 February 2011, most of Libya was reported to be under the control of the Libyan opposition and not the government of Muammar al-Gaddafi. Gaddafi remained in control of Tripoli, Sirt and Sabha.

However, by 15 March, government forces had retaken more than half a dozen lost cities. Except for most of Cyrenaica and a few towns, including Misurata, in Tripolitania the majority of cities had returned to government control.

On 17 March, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution which authorized member states "to take all necessary measures… to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamhariya, including Benghazi, while excluding an occupation force".

As of 23 March, out of Libya's twenty-two districts, twelve were under government control, seven were under rebel control and three were contested territories.

15 February

• In the evening approximately 200 people began demonstrating in front of the police headquarters in Benghazi following the arrest of human rights activist Fathi Terbil. They were joined by others later who totaled between 500 to 600 protesters. The protest was broken up violently by police,causing as many as forty injuries among the protesters.

• In Al Bayda and Az Zintan, hundreds of protesters called for "the end of the regime" and set fire to police and security buildings. In Az Zintan, the protesters set up tents in the town center.

16 February

• Protests continued in Benghazi, where hundreds of protesters gathered at Maydan al-Shajara before security services tried to disperse the crowd using water cannons. After clashes between the two groups, the police left. Al-Yawm estimated a crowd of more than 1,500 people attempting to storm the internal security building in Al Bayda. The protesters set fire to two cars and burnt down the headquarters of the traffic police. In the ensuing clashes with police six people died and three were injured. In Al-Quba, more than 400 protesters over a wide range of ages set fire to the police station. Protests were also reported in Darnah and Az Zintan, though there were no injuries.

• Pro-government rallies of many dozens of loyalists and Tripolitanian people also took place.

• Reportedly as a response to the demonstrations, Libya released 110 members of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group from prison on 16 February.

17 February – Day of Revolt

• A "Day of Revolt" was called by Libyans. The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition stated that "all" groups opposed to Gaddafi both within Libya and in exile planned the protests in memory of the demonstrations in Benghazi on 17 February 2006 that were initially against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, but which turned into protests against Gaddafi.

• In Benghazi, the government released thirty prisoners from jail, armed them and paid them to fight against protesters. Several demonstrators were killed by snipers and gunfire from helicopters. The Evening Standard and Al Jazeera English estimated that fourteen people were killed. The latter reported that an eyewitness saw six unarmed protesters shot dead by police. The BBC reported that "at least 15 people" were killed in the clashes. Furthermore, .50 calibre sniper ammunition was used against protesters.

• Libya al-Youm reported that four people were shot dead by sniper fire in Al Bayda and a Libyan human-rights group reported thirteen people had been killed. In Ajdabiya and Darnah at least ten and six protesters were killed by police, respectively. Protests also took place across Tripoli and in Zentan, where a number of government buildings including a police station were set on fire.

18 February

• Thousands of anti-government protesters gathered in front of the Benghazi courthouse. According to the BBC News, a "doctor at Benghazi's Jalla hospital" told them that he had "seen 15 bodies – all dead from gunshot wounds" by the time he left the hospital "in the early hours of [the day]". Police and army personnel later withdrew from the city after being overwhelmed by protesters. Some army personnel also joined the protesters; they then seized the local radio station. In Al Bayda, unconfirmed reports indicated that the local police force and riot control units joined the protesters. Two police officers who were accused of shooting protesters were hanged by protesters.

• The Libyan government began hiring African mercenaries, mostly from Chad, to support its own forces. It was reported that "they were paid for 5,000 (Dinars) and the latest model cars just to get rid of demonstrators", according to inside sources. Twelve people were killed on the Giuliana Bridge in Benghazi when mercenaries opened fire. 50 mercenaries were killed after protesters captured them, locked them up in a prison, and then burned it down.

• The Libyan newspaper Quryna reported that about 1,000 non-political prisoners had escaped from a Benghazi prison. A security source told Agence France-Presse that four inmates were shot dead during a breakout attempt in Tripoli.

• The government of Libya initially restricted access to the Internet in the country for several hours, but later imposed a more comprehensive and sustained blackout.

19 February

• Widespread protests continued for another day. Demonstrators in Benghazi had reportedly taken control of Benina International Airport early in the day.

• The opposition warned civilians of a massacre by the government, unless the international community applied pressure. Witnesses in Libya have reported helicopters firing into crowds of anti-government protesters. The army withdrew from the city of Al Bayda. Human Rights Watch and the Libyan newspaper Quryna said thousands of demonstrators had poured out onto the streets in Benghazi and other eastern cities on 18 February, a day after the clashes in which 49 people were killed, and that some protests were still continuing. Artillery, helicopter gunships and antiaircraft missile launchers were used to kill protesters. Security forces reportedly opened fire at a funeral in Benghazi on Saturday, killing at least 15 people and injuring scores more. The funeral was to honour protesters killed by security forces during the on-going protests.

• A doctor from Benghazi's Al-Jalah Hospital said staff there had received 15 bodies and were treating numerous people following the shootings at the funeral. "This is not a well-equipped hospital and these injuries come in waves," he said. "All are very serious injuries, involving the head, the chest and the abdomen. They are bullet injuries from high-velocity rifles." The hospital counted forty-four deaths in three days, and was struggling to treat the wounded. The residents of Benghazi told Al Jazeera that at least 200 people had died, while the New York-based Human Rights Watch put the countrywide death toll at a "conservative" 104 on the 19th. A bank was looted in Benghazi.

• Anti-Gaddafi protests were also reported in Misurata, where thousands of people took part in peaceful protests. They were demonstrating against state brutality and censorship, rather than calling for a change in government.

• Both pro- and anti-government protests broke out in other major cities, including Al Bayda, Derna, Tobruk and Misurata.

• Several hundred government supporters and party activists took to the streets in large numbers, and security forces prevented large demonstrations against Gaddafi's 42-year-old regime. A bank was wrecked and looted in Tripoli.

• According to figures compiled by the Agence France-Presse from local sources, at least forty-one people had been killed since demonstrations first started on 15 February. The toll excludes two policemen, newspapers said, who had been hung in Al Bayda on 18 February. The New York-based Human Rights Watch, citing phone interviews with hospital staff and eye witnesses, said that security forces had killed more than 80 anti-Gaddafi protesters in eastern Libya. Opposition groups later put the number of dead at over 120. The residents of Benghazi told Al Jazeera that at least 200 people had died while Human Rights Watch put the countrywide death toll at a "conservative" 104. The security forces (troops and police) of Benghazi were in their barracks while the city was in a state of civil mutiny.

• Mohamed Abdulmalek, the chairman of the human rights group Libya Watch, commented that the delay of protests in the west was due to the heavy presence of Libya’s State Security Forces and secret police were out there and "not because the people did not want to go out".

• The UK's former Foreign Secretary and Chairman of the Commons Intelligence and Security Committee, Sir Malcolm Rifkind, told BBC Radio 4's Today Programme that the protests across the Middle East were resembling the anti-Communist/pro-democracy events in Eastern Europe of 1989. British Foreign Secretary William Hague said he was "deeply concerned" by the "unacceptable violence" used against protesters.

20 February

• Protests escalated with residents also reporting small protests beginning in Tripoli, indicating a widening of the unrest from the eastern half of the country into Gaddafi's center of power. Hospitals confirmed that they have run out of supplies and doctors estimate the death toll in Benghazi to be between 200 and 300. After the people of Benghazi beat back the police and captured several key military barracks local military brigades joined the protesters. By this time, protesters in Benghazi numbered in the tens of thousands, possibly in the hundreds of thousands. Reports also emerged of pro-Gaddafi militia by the Elfedeel Bu Omar compound "being butchered by angry mobs." Al Jazeera said that protesters were in control of the city as loyalist security forces fled to the airport. Further military units are reported to have defected in order to protect protesters. Several senior Muslim clerics and tribal leaders from around Libya called for an end to the bloodshed by the regime, and for the government to step down. A "spontaneous" protest occurred in Tripoli by night where the protesters quickly overran police. One tribal leader threatened to block oil exports.

• The Tuareg tribe in the south was said to have answered a call by the larger Warfalla tribe to take part in the protests. The Tuareg towns of Ghat and Ubary were also locations for violence, with members of the tribe reportedly attacking government buildings and police stations.

• Gaddafi's second son Saif al-Islam appeared on state television and blamed the violence and protests, including "acts of sabotage and burning", on "foreign agents", and in particular, Israel, echoing the attempts made by other Arab leaders in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen to dismiss and downplay the unrest. He said that the unrest "may cause civil war". He also said that Libya was different from its neighbours. He ended by warning, "We will fight to the last man and woman and bullet. We will not lose Libya. We will not let Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya and BBC trick us." There were also unconfirmed rumours that Muammar al-Gaddafi had left for Brazil or Venezuela leaving Saif El Islam in charge. State-run Al-Shababiya was reportedly attacked in the evening following Saif El Islam's address.

• The United States Department of State, through the American Embassy, issued a travel warning to US citizens due to the continuing unrest in the country. The European Union called on the government to refrain from using force and to answer the protesters' grievances.

• In the night, clashes escalated in Tripoli, with protesters trying to seize control of Green Square. Witnesses reported snipers firing into the crowds, and Gaddafi supporters driving around the square shooting and running demonstrators over. Protesters burned a police and security forces' station and the General People's Congress' building.

21 February

• Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam called for a "general assembly" to discuss grievances.

• In Benghazi, protesters took control of the streets, and looted weapons from the main security headquarters. Demonstrators also lowered the Libyan flag from above the main courthouse and replaced it with the flag of the country's old monarchy. Libyan Air Force warplanes and attack helicopters launched airstrikes on protesters, reportedly targeting a funeral procession and a group of protesters trying to reach a military base. Two senior mutineering air force pilots flew their Dassault Mirage F1 fighter jets to Malta and requested political asylum after defying orders to bomb protesters. Two civilian helicopters also landed in Malta, carrying seven passengers who claimed to be French oil workers.

• Reports indicated the People's Hall in Tripoli, which serves as the meeting place for the General People's Congress, had been set on fire. There were also reports that the state television building had been smashed up by protesters and that at least one Tripoli police station was burned down. Navy warships were reported to have begun bombardment of residential areas causing an unknown number of casualties. Banks and other government buildings were looted throughout the day. Demonstrators clashed with security forces, and heavy gunfire was heard throughout the city. At least sixty-one people were killed.

• Some people alleged that they were offered money to turn up for pro-Gaddafi rallies outside Libya. Within Libya, state-run television showed pro-Gaddafi rallies, though the international media doubted the authenticity of these protests as possibly having been staged.

• The Libyan Navy reportedly shelled demonstrators from the sea, and Gaddafi allegedly issued execution orders to soldiers refusing to fire on protesters.

• There were reports that Gaddafi had fled Tripoli after the People's Hall and the state television headquarters were overrun and burned by protesters – according to rumours he had fled either to the town of Sebha or to Venezuela. British Foreign Secretary William Hague also said that he had received information that Muammar al-Gaddafi had left Libya and was travelling to Venezuela. Venezuelan government officials denied reports that Muammar Gaddafi had left Libya and was on a plane bound for Caracas. It was later reported that one of Col. Gaddafi's sons arrived on the island of Margarita around the time that Hague made his allegation.

• BBC News reported that the Libyan Army was "fighting forces loyal to Colonel Gaddafi, who appears to be struggling to hold on to power." A group of army officers also called upon their fellow soldiers to "join the people" and remove Gaddafi from office. Islamic leaders and clerics in Libya urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi. The ambassador to Poland stated that the flood of defections by elements of the Army and Air Force, as well as by government ministers, cannot be stopped and that Gaddafi days in power are numbered. He also said that firing on the protesters was only increasing the unrest and that it is the sign of a dying regime. Libyan ambassadors to Indonesia, Bangladesh, the EU, and India also resigned in protest of the actions of the Gaddafi regime.

22 February

• Gaddafi made a brief appearance on state television in which he said he had been speaking to the youth in Green Square. He also said: "I am in Tripoli and not in Venezuela. Do not believe the (news)channels belonging to stray dogs." The location and time of Gaddafi's statement could not be independently verified by news organizations outside of Libya. In the video, Gaddafi holds an umbrella, and the apparent rainfall is consistent with the meteorological situation in Tripoli earlier that day. Gunfire was reportedly heard throughout the night of 21–22 February. Loyalist soldiers were reported to have continued some bombarding to keep defecting soldiers away from the protests. Fighter jets were reported to have targeted army ammunition depots in order to prevent troops from joining the protesters.

• A Libyan naval vessel was reportedly sighted off the coast of Malta. According to Al Jazeera, five Italian fighter jets overflew the ship, and the Italian Navy began conducting surveillance. The ship reportedly had its flag lowered, suggesting that the crew may want to defect. The Armed Forces of Malta have several times denied reports in the international media that it was monitoring any such vessels approaching Maltese shores.

• The former ambassador to India, Ali al-Essawi, stated that he feared returning to Libya. He also confirmed that fighter jets were used to bomb civilians, and that foreign mercenaries, who seemed to have come from other African countries, were "massacring" people.

• The former ambassador to Bangladesh, A. H. Elimam, was also reported to have "disappeared" after 9:00 Bangladesh time. Al Jazeera said the last conversation with him noted "a sense of panic" in his voice and that his phone had been switched off. He indicated a feeling of being threatened by an intelligence officer at the embassy, who was from the same village as Gaddafi. The Bangladeshi Foreign Ministry and other diplomats in that country could not confirm his whereabouts.

• A doctor in Tripoli told Asharq Al-Awsat that mercenaries broke into his hospital and killed injured people.

• The former British Foreign Minister David Owen said that a "military intervention" via a no-fly zone was immediately necessary. The Austrian Army reported that the airspace around Tripoli had been closed, but later retracted the statement. The Austrian Defense Ministry spokesman Michael Huber said: "One of our sources said that initially that it (airspace) was closed, but then another later confirmed otherwise. Our plane was able to leave."

• Eyewitness report that thousands of African mercenaries were flown into Tripoli to put down the uprising. One insider source reportedly says that Gaddafi now can only rely on his own clan and 5,000 men, out of 45,000, and knows he can't retake Libya. According to this source, he apparently plans to force a Pyrrhic victory on his opponents; to whittle down their numbers with many skirmishes, harm the economy by sabotaging oil reserves, and in every sense damaging infrastructure to the best of his ability, stating "I have the money and arms to fight for a long time". Oil infrastructures may be sabotaged to cut economic supply to rebel clans, while fights may lead thousands to flee Libya to pressure them. Thus, all may prefer to accept the Gaddafi's status quo.

“	I am a Bedouin warrior who brought glory to Libyans	”
—Muammar Gaddafi during his speech on 22 February

• In a second speech within 24 hours, believed by commentators to be made from his family compound in the Bab al-Azizia military barracks in southern Tripoli, Gaddafi blamed foreign powers and hallucinogens being forced on the protesters for the unrest. He rejected stepping down, saying he had no official position from which he could step down, and stated that he would "die as martyr". The scenery of the speech indicated that Gaddafi was in Libya.

• In his hour-long speech he blamed the uprising on "Islamists", and then warned that an "Islamic emirate" has already been set up in Al Bayda and Derna, where he threatened the use of extreme force and genocide-like tactics, to stop the Islamfication of Libya. Gaddafi vowed to fight on and die a "martyr" on Libyan soil. He then called on his supporters to take back the streets on the 23rd from protesters and tribal rebels, who were demanding that he step down. He also went on to state that he had "not yet ordered the use of force", and warned viewers that "when I do, everything will burn".

• Gaddafi vowed to fight his opponents "until the last drop of his blood had been spilt" rather than step down, describing anti-regime protesters as "rats" and "mercenaries" working for foreign nations and corporate agendas. Gaddafi said the rioting urban youths that were opposed to his rule were manipulated by others who gave them drugs and who were trying to turn the country into an Islamic state. (In earlier speeches he blamed 'Zionists' for the riots.) Furthermore he threatened a Tiananmen-Style crackdown. The speech has been since been parodied in a viral YouTube video entitled "Zenga Zenga."

• Abdul Fatah Younis, who held the position of top general and interior minister, escaped from house arrest, resigned, and called for the army and police to fight Gaddafi and his regime. Until his resignation, General Younis was regarded as the second most powerful man in Libya.

• Human Rights Watch said that at least 233 people had been killed up to 22 February.

• By the nighttime, the Arab League suspended the Libyan delegation from meetings until the Libyan people were safe.

23 February

• British foreign minister William Hague said in a press release that there are "many indications of the structure of the State collapsing in Libya". He also urged the Libyan state to listen to people's demands. Luxembourg's Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn called the situation in Libya a genocide and called for massive intervention from the international community. He argued a resolution was now needed allowing control of Libyan airspace so as to stop mercenaries entering the country. He called Gaddafi a "sick and dangerous" "tyrant". Peru fully severed diplomatic ties with Libya's government. and the African Union conducted a security meeting on the rapidly changing situation in Libya. The European Union agreed in principle to impose sanctions, the form of which to be decided the following Friday, and the Dutch government met in emergency session to consider freezing billions of euros of assets invested by Tamoil, the Libyan government's oil company.

The Warfalla, the largest of the numerous tribes in the country, joined calls from other tribes for Gaddafi to stand down.

• Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil, the country's justice minister, who had resigned on 21 February in protest at the "excessive use of violence" against protesters, and diplomats at Libya's mission to the United Nations, called on the Libyan army to help remove "the tyrant Muammar Gaddafi". He has also asserted that Gaddafi personally ordered the Lockerbie bombing of 1988.

• Youssef Sawani, a senior aide to Muammar Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, resigned from his post "to express dismay against violence" and thousands of foreigners continue to leave, with chaos at Tripoli International Airport.

• Tripoli's streets were deserted after Gaddafi urged attacks on protesters, but Tobruk was still full of protesters. Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini said there were credible reports that about 1,000 people have been killed in Libya's week old rebellion. Frattini also confirmed that the eastern half of Libya, known as Cyrenaica, was no longer under Gaddafi's de facto control. Unconfirmed reports suggest that the government now only controls a few parts of Tripoli and the southern desert town of Sabha. Misurata is confirmed to be under protester control. The pre-Gaddafi 1951–1969 royalist Libyan flag was also reportedly raised in Zawiya, 50 km (30 miles) west of Tripoli. Both coastal Tripolitania and most of northern Cyrenaica were in rebel hands by the middle of the day. The Paris based International Federation for Human Rights said that the anti-Gaddafi protesters also control Sirte, Misurata, Khoms, Tarhounah, Zenten, Az Zawiyah and Zouara. Libyan government forces were sent to Sabratha after demonstrators burned government buildings and joined in the rebellion, according to Libyan newspaper Quryna.

• A Reuters article published on 23 February stated that according to a WikiLeaks-leaked US cable, Gaddafi pressed the United States to foster division and disagreements in Saudi Arabia and exerted heavy pressure on the US as well as on oil companies to reimburse the $1.5 billion Libya had paid in 2008 into a fund to settle terrorism claims from the 1980s.

• By the end of the day, headlines in online news services were reporting a range of themes underlining the precarious state of the regime – former justice minister Mustafa Abud Al-Jeleil alleged that Gaddafi personally ordered the 1988 Lockerbie bombing, resignations and "defections" of close allies, the loss of Benghazi, the second largest city in Libya, reported to be "alive with celebration" and other cities including Tobruk and Misurata reportedly falling with some believing that government had retained control of "just a few pockets", family members of Gaddafi allegedly refused entry to safe countries (an unscheduled plane said to be carrying Gaddafi's daughter Aisha was denied permission to enter Malta, although the Maltese government later denied knowing whether she was on board), mounting international isolation and pressure, and reports that Middle East media consider the end of his "disintegrating" regime all but inevitable.

• Around midnight, some reports began to emerge describing the situation as civil war or revolution, with Gaddafi trying to ensure control over the capital and his political base Tripoli.

24 February

• Protesters assumed complete control of Tobruk, where soldiers and residents celebrated by waving the former Libyan flag used between 1951 and 1969, firing guns into the air and honking horns. Army units in Tobruk and throughout eastern Libya sided with protesters, with some soldiers and officers participating in demonstrations. Commanders pledged to defend the "liberated territory" with their lives after Gaddafi threatened to take it back by force. Two airmen bailed out of their jet, which crashed into the desert, after defying orders to bomb Tobruk. In the collapse of central authority, residents formed public defence committees for security, and opened welfare organizations to ensure that residents had enough to eat. At newly established security checkpoints, demonstrators handed out bottled water and juice to passing motorists.

• Cities and towns close to Tripoli were reported to be falling to protesters, while in Tripoli itself, pro-Gaddafi militia patrolled the streets to prevent demonstrations. In the east, civilian protesters and military units that had defected and reorganized armed themselves to prepare for an upcoming "Battle of Tripoli". Meanwhile Gaddafi prepared for the defense of the city by gathering pro-government forces in the capital and deploying tanks in the suburbs.

• The North African wing of al-Qaeda announced that they would support the Libyan uprising. In a televised phone call to the people of Az Zawiyah, where fighting was taking place, Gaddafi claimed the revolts could be blamed on bin Laden, and that young Libyans had been duped with drugs and alcohol. Gaddafi dispatched an envoy to Zawiyah, who warned protesters of a "massacre" if they did not leave.

• Pro-Gaddafi Libyan forces and foreign mercenaries opened fire on a mosque in Zawiya, where residents, some armed with hunting rifles, had been holding a sit-in to support the protesters in Tripoli. The troops blasted the mosque's minaret with an anti-aircraft gun, killing 10 people and wounding 150. Thousands of people then gathered in Zawiyah's main square to demonstrate against Gaddafi. Hours after the attack, Gaddafi gave a speech on state television, where he expressed condolences for the deaths, but scolded the city's residents for siding with the uprising, saying "shame on you, people of Zawiyah, control your children", and that "they are loyal to Bin Laden. What do you have to do with Bin Laden, people of Zawiyah? They are exploiting young people... I insist it is Bin Laden". He also blamed teenagers on hallucinogenic pills given to them "in their coffee with milk, like Nescafé".

• Pro-Gaddafi militia and foreign mercenaries also attacked an airport outside Misurata, which was defended by protesters armed with rifles, in what would become the Battle of Misurata. During the fighting the militia bombarded the protesters with rocket-propelled grenades and mortars, while the protesters managed to seize an anti-aircraft gun and turn it against the militia. At the same time, officers from an air force school near the airport mutinied, and with the help of local residents, overran an adjacent airbase where Gaddafi loyalists were holed up, and disabled fighter jets to prevent their use against protesters. Five people were killed during the fighting: four protesters and one pro-Gaddafi militiaman, and another forty wounded.

• In Tripoli, militia and foreign mercenaries continued patrolling the streets, firing guns into the air, while neighborhood watch groups barricaded side streets to try to keep the fighters out. Security forces also raided numerous homes around the city and arrested suspected political opponents. Armed militiamen entered a hospital to search for government opponents among the wounded.

• Ahmed Ghadaf al-Dam, a cousin and one of Gaddafi's closest aides, defected to Egypt, protesting what he called "grave violations of human rights and human and international laws.

• The European Union called for Libya to be suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council, and for the United Nations Security Council to approve a probe to investigate "gross and systematic violations of human rights by the Libyan authorities", while Switzerland froze all of Gaddafi's assets in the country. Sources in Whitehall and the British Treasury announced that Gaddafi's assets were being tracked and that £20 billion in liquid assets and a £10 million mansion in London would be seized within days.

25 February

• For the first time in days, thousands took to the streets of Tripoli to protest, with protester and civilian death tolls rising.

• The dual military and civilian Mitiga International Airport, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) east of Tripoli, seemed to have been taken over by anti-Gaddafi protesters in the afternoon, "after a series of defections". The Guardian described the takeover as "confirmed". Ian Black of The Guardian stated, "If Mitiga air base near Tripoli is confirmed as having gone over to the Libyan popular uprising it would be a serious blow for the regime close to the heart of the capital."

• Colonel Gaddafi appeared at 18h55 (local time) in Green Square in Tripoli, with a microphone shouting to the crowd of Gaddafi loyalists "Sing, dance and be ready, we will fight those who are against us" and "If the people of Libya and the Arabs and Africans don’t love Moammar Gadhafi then Moammar Gadhafi does not deserve to live."

26 February

• In the Libyan city of Az Zawiyah, about 50 km away from the capital Tripoli, an amateur video appears to show soldiers switching sides and joining anti-government protesters. Witnesses tell Al Jazeera Arabic that Libyan protesters have taken control of a number of areas in the capital, Tripoli. Security forces had abandoned the working-class Tajoura district after five days of anti-government demonstrations, residents told foreign correspondents who visited the area.

• In Benghazi, a small naval base is now controlled by the opposition. The naval force consisted of a missile cruiser, a frigate, a decommissioned minesweeper and a decommissioned submarine. The commander of the fleet that remains, after his superiors deserted their posts, says that he will defend the city against Col. Gaddafi forces, saying that "He (Col. Gaddafi) means nothing to me, he sees the east part of the country as enemies and he will do anything to exterminate us".

• In Benghazi, a spokesman for the revolution told AFP on Saturday they were drawing up plans for a transitional government to take power but in the nearby town of Ajdabiya, local residents said food was becoming scarce.

• By the end of the day, an interim government had been formed by former justice minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil. The Libyan ambassador in the USA, Ali Suleiman Aujali became the first Libyan diplomat to recognise the new government.

• For the first time, United States President Barack Obama urged Gaddafi to step down from power and avoid further violence. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton took the same stance.

27 February

• After distancing itself from the Gaddafi regime, Italy officially suspended the "friendship" treaty it holds with Libya. The treaty forbids warfare or military confrontation between the two nations, but the suspension of the treaty would allow otherwise.

• The United Nations Security Council Saturday night voted unanimously to impose sanctions against the Libyan authorities, slapping the country with an arms embargo and freezing the assets of its leaders, while referring the ongoing violent repression of civilian demonstrators to the International Criminal Court (ICC).

• Gaddafi gave an interview to a Serbian TV station, RTV Pink, calling the Security Council resolution "invalid in accordance with the United Nations Charter" and that the resolution was based on the news reports rather than on actual state in Libya. He vowed to stay in Libya blaming the "foreigners and Al-Qaeda" for the unrest, saying that the protests began when "the gangs of drugged young men attacked regular army forces".

• A National Libyan Council was formed in the city of Benghazi. This body is not a provisional government but rather a seeks to act as the "political face of the uprising" The efforts of former justice minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil to form a provisional government appear to have stalled.

• The Libyan capital, Tripoli, a city of around one million people, was largely quiet this morning, with militiamen erecting additional roadblocks and tanks parked at major intersections. Residents said the Libyan leader is arming civilian supporters to set up checkpoints and roving patrols around the capital to control movement and quash dissent.

• Az Zawiyah, a city of 290,000 just 30 miles west of Tripoli, appeared to be a potential focal point for clashes as anti-government forces mounted tanks and anti-aircraft guns throughout the city center, and Gadafi forces surrounded the outskirts with tanks and military checkpoints, according to an Associated Press reporter who visited the city.

• Britain has revoked the diplomatic immunity of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and his family, Foreign Secretary William Hague said on Sunday, urging the dictator to step down. Belgium will shut down its embassy in Libyan capital Tripoli on Monday, temporarily discontinuing diplomatic activities in the troubled north African country, the foreign ministry said. Britain, Canada, France, and the United States are among the countries that have already temporarily shut their embassies in Tripoli and evacuated their staff amid growing unrest over demands for long-time ruler Muammar Gaddafi to quit.

• United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton offered "any kind of assistance" to Libyans and opposition groups seeking to overthrow Gaddafi.

• Hafiz Ghoga, spokesman for the new National Libyan Council that was launched in the eastern city of Benghazi, said the council was not an interim government, was not contacting foreign governments and did not want them to intervene. "We will help liberate other Libyan cities, in particular Tripoli through our national army, our armed forces, of which part have announced their support for the people," Ghoga said, but he did not give details about how the council would help. Although not a direct response to Clinton's remarks, Ghoga said: "We are completely against foreign intervention. The rest of Libya will be liberated by the people and Gadhafi's security forces will be eliminated by the people of Libya."

28 February

• Battle of Misurata: it was reported that opposition forces shot down a government warplane.

• The United States Navy began positioning several ships near the coast of Libya, though it is still unclear what action they might take. Calls for a military enforced no-fly-zone on Libya became increasingly prominent. British Prime Minister, David Cameron, proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Muammar Gaddafi from airlifting mercenaries and using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians. Rhetoric used by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggests the implication of such is likely. Clinton also stepped up her rhetoric against Gaddafi, calling for his immediate removal.

• Muammar Gaddafi has reportedly appointed the head of Libya's foreign intelligence service to speak to the leadership of the anti-government protesters in the east of the country.

• The United States froze 30 billion dollars of assets belonging to the Libyan government, the largest amount of assets ever frozen.

• On Monday, pro-Gadhafi forces tried to retake control of the western border crossings with Tunisia that had fallen under opposition control and they bombed an ammunition depot in the rebel-held east, residents in the area said. The Libyan Defense Ministry denied the bombing.

• During the day regime forces attacked Zawiya and Misurata, but were repelled by anti government forces with a small number of casualties on both sides.

March

1 March

• On 1 March, Australian Minister for Defence Stephen Smith confirmed that his government was considering military options against Gaddafi, saying that international intervention to enforce a no-fly zone was probable. Smith asserted that "no one is expecting" Gaddafi to leave power voluntarily. Al Jazeera reported that Misurata was once again under attack, this time from a combined armor and air assault. According to a witness quoted by the Qatar-based news agency, Gaddafi's forces are using heavy weapons against protesters and rebels in the city, while the anti-Gaddafi forces are fighting back with small arms. Abdul Fatah Younis, Gaddafi's former interior minister and the leader of a growing rebel force, told Al Jazeera that if Gaddafi could not be dislodged from Tripoli, he would welcome foreign intervention in the form of targeted airstrikes, though he said a land invasion was unwanted and offered the use of Libyan military airbases only in case of emergency to foreign aircraft. Al Jazeera also reported that anti-Gaddafi forces had repulsed a six-hour offensive by government forces attempting to seize Zawiya, securing the city for the opposition.

• Also on March 1, rebel leaders were debating whether to ask for Western airstrikes under the United Nations banner against military assets of the regime. One senior official said "If he falls with no intervention, I’d be happy, but if he’s going to commit a massacre, my priority is to save my people."

• Brigadier Musa’ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri, the head of the Al Wahat Security Directorate, and Brigadier Hassan Ibrahim Al Qarawi defect to the protester side.

• Brigadier Dawood Issa Al Qafsi later defected to the opposition as well. The brigadier also confirmed that the eastern towns of Braiga, Bisher, Ogaila, Sultan and Zwaitina are under opposition control as well.

• By night the United Nations suspended Libya from the UN Human Rights Council.

• Britain's foreign secretary William Hague said that a no-fly zone could be imposed “even without a Security Council resolution — it depends on the situation on the ground.”

• On Tuesday, Gadhafi's regime sought to show that it was the country's only legitimate authority and that it continued to feel compassion for areas in the east that fell under the control of its opponents. A total of 18 trucks loaded with rice, flour, sugar and eggs left Tripoli for Benghazi, the country's second-largest city 620 miles (1,000 kilometers) east of the capital. Also in the convoy were two refrigerated cars carrying medical supplies.

• Gaddafi's regime attempted to retake Gharyan and Zliten. The regime's forces were repelled from Zliten, but remained local at Gharyan, where there was on going fighting.

2 March

• The Gaddafi regime attempted to retake the city of Marsa Brega, but the attack was largely repelled by the rebels. At least 14 were reported killed in the fighting, though reporters who came in from the Benghazi area saw only 4 dead, 2 of which were apparently pro-Gaddafi fighters. The attack on Marsa Brega was believed to be more towards psychological warfare against the eastern cities.

• Warplanes were also sent to Ajdabiya in an attempt to bomb the weapons storage. Two fighter jets attacked the weapons storage area, one of which was shot down by anti aircraft guns.

• Residents of Benghazi stated that a convoy of armed opposition fighters, accompanied by army officers, have embarked on a long journey south. They are expected to attempt to reach the capital Tripoli by navigating around the town of Sirt.

• The interim government council of the opposition has formally requested the UN to impose a no fly zone and to conduct precision air strikes against Ghaddafi's forces. US Secretary of state Hillary Clinton, after backing down from the idea of a no-fly zone, re-engaged in supporting the idea of a military enforced no-fly zone. The Arab League stated that a no fly zone was necessary. The Arab League also said that in cooperation with the African Union, it could impose a military enforced no-fly zone without the UN's backing.

• By the end of the day rebels in the southwest city of Ghadames managed to take control of the city.

• As the day closed, there were reports of pro-Gaddafi forces massing around the town of Nalut (held by the opposition), with some fearing an imminent attack to retake the city. The attack did not happened.

3 March

• The International Criminal Court announced it would begin to launch an investigation into war-crimes committed by Gaddafi, his sons, and his inner circle. Opposition forces will also be investigated as well to assure no crimes are being committed on its side.

• The Libyan opposition rejected calls from Hugo Chavez to conduct peaceful dialogue with Gaddafi, after Chavez convinced Gaddafi to start "peaceful talks with protesters". The Libyan opposition will not conduct talks or negotiations with the government.

4 March

• Occasional air-strikes continued on Ajdabiya's weapon storage area, with no reported casualties.

• Regime forces in Tripoli prepared for an expected mass protest by the people after Friday prayers. By the afternoon, demonstrators gathered in the thousands, but did not amount to a siege of the city.

• Regime forces attempted to retake the oil refineries in Zawiya, but were met with heavy resistance, with casualties on both sides according to witnesses. During the night, pro-Gaddafi forces withdrew to the outside of the city, according to local witnesses.

• According to eye witness accounts, opposition forces have begun an assault on the small port town of Ras Lanuf. The Opposition forces claim that they number 7,000 personnel in the attack on Ras Lanuf. They also report that there are "massive" defections at the local pro-Gaddafi military base in Ras Lanuf.

• By night the opposition forces managed to capture the entire town of Ras Lanuf, including the airbase.

5 March

• In battles occurring in the morning of March 5 in Az Zawiyah, 33 people were reported killed, 25 of them rebels and 8 pro-Gaddafi soldiers. Pro-Gaddafi forces used tanks to destroy residential buildings and kill some protesters, but rebels were able to overcome them by capturing some and lighting another 6 tanks on fire. By mid-day pro-Gaddafi soldiers were reported to have been beaten back.

• Witnesses reported that a fighter jet was shot down in Ras Lanuf after it attempted to bomb the town. They later report that they have found the remains of two pilots. This incident is confirmed through video evidence.

• Rebels prepared to try to capture the city of Sirt, Gaddafi's home town and stronghold. Rebels took control of Bin Jawad, a town between Ras Lanuf and Sirt. Political divides and hostilities have already formed amongst the local population in Sirt due to the killing of several tribesmen by Gaddafi loyalists.

• After previously backing down from the idea, France re-engages in support for a no fly zone and is working with the USA and Britain to get the resolution passed.

• The National Council established by the opposition declared itself Libya's sole representative.

6 March – Qaddafi's counterattack begins

• Opposition forces advancing on Sirt were targeted by Libyan warplanes later in the morning, though the effectiveness of the airstrikes was unclear, and a witness fighting for the opposition reported heavy fighting in Bin Jawad as Gaddafi loyalists apparently launched a counterattack against the town. Al Jazeera reported that opposition forces were massing for a decisive battle at the town of Wadi-al-Ahmar, which could determine control of Sirt itself.

• At least some advancing rebels withdrew toward Ra's Lanuf under helicopter attack, Al Jazeera and Reuters reported, and Libyan warplanes again bombed positions near both Ra's Lanuf and Zawiyah. Bin Jawad was retaken by loyalist forces as the rebels retreated, but Al Jazeera reported opposition forces pushed west after reportedly shooting down an attack helicopter and two warplanes and reasserted control over the hamlet. Al Arabiya and other agencies reported that forces loyal to Gaddafi began shelling the city of Misurata, the largest opposition stronghold in Tripolitania, around midday.

• According to local witnesses, the rebels fended off the attack on Misurata by Gaddafi's forces. 16 rebels and civilians were killed, including a 12 year old boy. 22 of Gaddafi's soldiers were killed, and another 20 captured.

7 March

• Britain and France will attempt to get a no fly zone established through the UN security council, after previously backing down from the idea. The gulf states in the middle east have officially called for a no fly zone to be placed, and an Arab League emergency meeting will discuss the implication of one backed by their own organization.

• Hundreds of Gaddafi's soldiers entered Zawiya with tanks. According to local witnesses they used the tanks to fire at houses and many homes have been destroyed. The death toll is a minimum of 8 with dozens of civilians casualties expected to be found. Rebels still control Zawiya however, but are fighting the fiercest battle yet according to witnesses. Some witnesses go on to say "the whole town is in ruins".

• By the morning of March 7, the BBC reported that the town of Bin Jawad was under the control of government forces and they were advancing on Ra's Lanuf.

• While rebels in Ras Lanuf managed to successfully fend off attacking infantry forces, fighter jets continued to launch air-strikes in Ras Lanuf, causing several casualties.

8 March

• Air-strikes continued on Ras Lanuf, which is still held by rebels. The air strikes on March 8 have not caused casualties yet. Zawiya is still held by rebels, but under repeated artillery fire by Gaddafi's forces. Video evidence provided by Sky News reporters who sneaked into Zawiya debunk the regime's claims that they control Zawiya.

• The opposition council headquartered in Benghazi has issued a statement to Gaddafi, saying that if he and his family were to call off fighting and leave the nation within 72 hours, the council will not prosecute them for crimes committed.

9 March

• Rebels still held on to Zawiya but were still under assault by tanks, snipers, and heavy artillery from Gaddafi's forces. Local witnesses said the regime's military temporarily captured Zawiya's main square, but by night were driven back to 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) from the city center.

• The rebels attempted to move against Bin Jawad once more; however, after firing off around fifty rockets and making some advances, they were hit by artillery and air strikes and retreated to Ra's Lanuf. The rebels then claimed that they had eventually retaken Bin Jawad, although this could not be confirmed.

• The European Parliament urged all European nations to recognize the National Interim Council as the government of Libya.

10 March

• France has officially recognized the National Interim Council as Libya's only legitimate government. Portugal later also recognized the council.

• On March 10, Zawiyah was retaken by loyalist forces. Reporters from the London Times and the ITV network reported from the square in the city where they confirmed it was under government control and clean-up operations were underway. At the same time on the eastern front, after beating back the rebels from Bin Jawad, loyalist forces launched their largest attack yet against Ra's Lanuf and began to move into the town. Opposition forces were in retreat from the city along with some of the civilian population and were attempting to regroup east of Ra's Lanuf.

• In spite of "Libyan state television claiming that Kadafi loyalists had cleared Ras Lanuf of “armed gangs”" and Gaddafi loyalist forces intensifying their attack "with heavy artillery from the sea and the air", anti-Gaddafi forces still control the town.

11 March

• On the morning of March 11, the first loyalist ground troops entered Ra's Lanuf with 150 soldiers, backed up by three tanks, and managed to get to the city center. At the same time, four transport boats came in from the sea and unloaded 40–50 soldiers each on the beach near the Fadeel hotel. They were engaged by hard-core rebel remnants, who had not retreated from the town the previous day. Government troops captured the residential area, but the rebels continued to hold out in the oil port facilities throughout the day and recaptured much of the town in a counteroffensive in the afternoon.

• The same day, rebels claimed they were still in control in Zawiya; however, just a few hours later, a pro-Gaddafi rally was held in the center of the city, witnessed by 100 foreign journalists, confirming the city was retaken.

12 March

• On March 12, rebels fighting in Ra's Lanuf retreated in the afternoon to the town of Uqayla west of Marsa Brega. Later during the day, the government took foreign journalists to the city for confirmation of the town's fall.

• The Secretary of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, called for a no fly zone to be put in place after previously resisting the idea. The Arab League met and did not allow Libyan diplomats from Gaddafi's government to join despite Gaddafi's government's request to attend. The Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a bid to protect civilians from air attack". The Arab League's request was announced by Youssef bin Alawi bin Abdullah, Oman's foreign minister. He stated that all member states present at the talks agreed with this.

• The Arab League also announced it now recognizes the National Transitional Council as the government of Libya.

• Al Jazeera cameraman Ali Hassan al-Jaber was shot dead near Benghazi. He is the first journalist killed since the uprising started.

13 March

• Before dawn on March 13, loyalist forces, advancing eastward from Ra's Lanuf, had taken the town of Uqayla and the village of Bisher and were heading toward Brega. Rebel forces in Brega had started a retreat for Ajdabiya. Brega was captured later in the day by pro-Gaddafi forces.

• According to human rights watchers, the Libyan capital Tripoli is in a state of fear as forces controlled by Muammar Gaddafi have arrested people along with disappearances taking place. According to residents of the city scores of anti-government protesters have been arrested and subject to torture.

• Ali Atiyya, a colonel of the Libyan Air Force at the Mitiga military airport, near Tripoli defected and joined the rebellion.

• Amnesty International condemned the killing of Al-Jazeera journalist, Ali Hassan al-Jaber‎ the day before.

• Rebels forces came back to fight in Marsa Brega. Reports from rebels and Al Jazeera sources claim that the rebels have recaptured the town, killing 25 of Gaddaffi's soldiers and capturing 20 in the process. With the destruction of the Ra's Lanuf oil refinery, Gaddafi only controls one oil refinery in Al-Zawiyah. Most military analysts believe that Gaddafi is running out of fuel; and his supply lines are vulnerable and extended. Tanks on average get about one mile to the gallon, showing the heavy cost in fuel in running a war.

• Al-Jazeera reported that Al-Zawiyah was being besieged by pro-Gaddafi forces, with no further details given; it's unclear whether the report was accurate or in error.

14 March

• On March 14, the fighting in Brega was at a stalemate, with rebel forces holding the residential district and loyalist forces holding the oil facilities.

• Meanwhile on the western front, loyalist forces launched an artillery barrage on Zuwarah. A group of rebels managed to fend off a loyalist assault against a rebel checkpoint outside of the city, but within hours, government tanks had captured the city's main square. Rebels in Zuwarah still launched counterattacks at night. Government warplanes also launched airstrikes on rebel targets in Ajdabiyah. A few occasional clashes also took place around the outskirts of Misurata.

• Former Libyan army commander Khalifa Belqasim Haftar, who served in the Libya–Chad war has returned to Libya to aid and support the rebels.

15 March

• On March 15, pro-Gaddafi troops attacked Ajdabiya. Reuters announced that civilians and rebels were massively retreating from Ajdabiya, giving up their position, which was confirmed by a journalist from Le Monde. Soon after, the official Libyan television announced that the forces of Gaddafi were in full control of Ajdabiya. Al Jazeera reported that the opposition's airforce has destroyed and sunk two Gaddafi warships and hit a third, off the coast of Ajdabiya and Benghazi. In the meantime, the oil town of Brega was reclaimed by pro-Gaddafi forces. Google maps show that the desert breaks away to farmland and trees near Benghazi, and the rebel tactics may have changed to withdraw into terrain that’s better suited to a lightly equipped rebel force where they could try to simply bleed the regime dry.

• By that evening, there were conflicting reports that rebel forces in Ajdabiya had either retreated from the city or there was still some fighting. It was confirmed that loyalist forces had entered the city centre earlier in the day. Rebel forces claim they repulsed the attack, while the government claims otherwise.

• The Independent reports that four men have been arrested in Ajdabiya by the rebel forces, with evidence linking them to the death of Ali Hassan Al Jaber, who was killed near Benghazi on Saturday. Under questioning, the suspects allegedly confessed that they had been ordered to silence opposition figures and drive out international presence from territories of the protest movement. The men had five guns, some of them with silencers, and they also had night sights. Bullets from two of them matched those used to kill the Al Jazeera journalist. Several thousands of dinars were found in their pockets, but the suspects denied that the money were related to the assassination.

• Sporadic gunfights were reported inside Benghazi, as rebels are fighting with pro-Gaddafi loyalists after the rebels began searching in Benghazi for sleeper agents working for the regime.

• According to Mustafa Gheriani, an opposition spokesman, a rebel frigate seized an Greek oil tanker carrying 25,000 tons of fuel for the government.

16 March

• On 16 March, Al Manara Media reported more defections. 2 fighter jets allegedly landed at Benghazi airport and joined the rebel forces. It was also reported that two battalions of loyalist forces defected in Sirt, taking control of the city's airport. Also, Manara stated that 25 soldiers and an officer from the fifth battalion, who were in the city of Misurata, also defected and joined the revolution. And in Tobruk, six cars filled with loyalist troops from the Khamis battalion have surrendered themselves to the rebels in Tobruk. However, no other independent media confirmed the defections.

• During the daytime of March 16, both the government forces and the rebels were still fighting in Ajdabiya, with neither side gaining the upper hand. By night things were changing in the rebels' favor, as government soldiers themselves told journalists that they were facing stronger resistance from the rebels, forcing many government soldiers to retreat. AFP reported at least 26 deaths in fights around Ajdabiya. The UN has called for a ceasefire on both sides, and has established a draft resolution for a no fly zone.

• Loyalists also attacked Zintan and Misurata. In Misurata, the rebels defeated attacking loyalist forces in the south and west corners of the city, capturing several tanks. Low-intensity warfare continues in eastern outskirts of the city, with rebels holding ground and the city in their control. At least 11 deaths were reported. The situation in Zintan is unclear.

• New York Times announced that four of its journalists are reported missing as of 15 March. Second-hand reports indicated that the journalists may have been swept up by Libyan government forces.

• A Libyan pilot, who was interviewed in BBC News, testified that he has documents which prove that the Algerian military and particularly its airforce are assisting Gaddafi's forces.

17 March - Libyan No-Fly Zone Approved

• Just after midnight on March 17, government troops successfully reoccupied the southern gate of Ajdabiya after a three-hour fight. Later in the morning loyalist forces sealed the eastern entrance to the city and entered the small port town of Zueitina to the northwest of Ajdabiya. Gaddafi also vowed to attack Benghazi that same night. He promised amnesty to rebels that laid down their arms but said his forces would show "no mercy" to those that continued fighting. Rebel leader Mustafa Abdul Jalil said the rebels would stand firm and would not be intimidated.

• Washington shifted its position to support aggressive armed action against Gaddafi's forces. American UN ambassador Susan Rice pushed for the Security Council to approve a no-fly zone and aerial bombing of Gaddafi's army in today's vote. The Council will also consider the possibility of placing the money in Gaddafi's frozen accounts in the U.S. under rebel control to help them purchase weapons. Gaddafi threatened to retaliate against passenger air and sea traffic in the Mediterranean Sea if Libya is attacked.

• The day marked the first time the rebel forces used aircraft and heavy armor to launch a counterattack at Ajdabiya. A helicopter raid eventually stopped the Gaddafi army from progressing any further. Pro-Gaddafi elements of the air force responded by bombing the Benghazi airport. Two pro-Gaddafi fighter jets were shot down in the attack, with little damage to the airport.

• Two important videos were uploaded on that day. First was on Facebook, showing youths fighting with Gaddafi's forces in the streets of Misurata. The cameraman declared that Gaddafi's Battalion tried to enter the city but was blocked on the main costal highway. The other video was showing children in the hospital of Ajdabiya, being severely wounded or close to death, by airstrike bombs. It is not known whether those children were in shelters at the moment of wounding.

• Over 1,000,000 signatures have been collected through Avaaz.org from all over the world, for the imposition of a no-fly zone in Libya.

• Politiken reports that the Danish parliament is prepared to send the Danish Air Force to Libya to enforce a no-fly zone, even if the United Nations is unable to agree on intervention. The article also has reports of a family in Ajdabiya that witnessed airstrikes on the city's hospital, bus station and various blocks of flats.

• US State department official William Burns says the opposition Libyan National Council may set up an office in Washington DC.

• The Times newspaper of Malta reported that activists were attempting to block an oil shipment to Tripoli that would have departed from Malta. According to the activists, the deal was made by Yahya Ibrahim Gadhafi, an official from a Libyan national oil company.

• In 22:30 GMT, United Nations Security Council adopted UN Resolution 1973 (2011), which authorizes member states 'to take all necessary measures… to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamhariya, including Benghazi, while excluding an occupation force'. The vote was 10-0 with five abstentions. China and Russia, both of which have veto power, abstained, as did Brazil, India and Germany. The Guardian reported that USA, Britain, France and several Arab countries, would join forces to throw a protective ring around the rebel stronghold of Benghazi within hours of the vote. Reuters reported Italian defense minister Ignazio La Russa announcing that Italy would serve as a base for any military action against Libya.

• According to Al Jazeera, a few hours before the UN voting, Gaddafi stated in Portugal's public media that "The UN Security Council has no mandate. We don't acknowledge their resolutions. If the world is crazy, we will be crazy too". On the contrary, after the voting, Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Khalid Kaim stated to reporters in Tripoli that his regime is ready for the ceasefire decision, but requires an interlocutor to discuss how to implement it."

• The Wall Street Journal reported that Egypt's military had begun shipping arms to the rebel forces in Libya several days beforehand.

18 March

• Rebel fighters began attacking government positions near the western mountain town of Nalut. One rebel fighter was reported killed, and four pro-Gaddafi fighters were claimed to have been killed, along with 18 captured.

Around midday the Gaddafi government announced an immediate ceasefire in accordance with the United Nations Security Council resolution. Saying it "accepts that it is obliged to accept the U.N. resolution" and that it was acting to protect its civilians from likely military action which had been authorized by a U.N. Security Council resolution.

• In the evening, Pro-Gaddhafi forces were reported to approach Benghazi, with clashes occurring at Magroun and Suluq which are about 50 km from the city. However, the government stated that it was the rebels who were advancing against their positions in Magroun. This was later confirmed via recorded video from the field by AFP. Also, there was fighting in the port town of Zueitina, where a government force had landed from the sea the previous day and took the town. The rebels had been besieging them since then. According to the rebels, several of their fighters, along with a number of civilians, were killed and they also claimed to have captured 20 government soldiers. Later, anti-aircraft fire following a loud explosion was heard in Benghazi.