The Dassault Rafale is a French twin-engined delta-wing highly agile multi-role jet fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Introduced in 2000, the Dassault Rafale is being produced both for land-based use with the French Air Force and for carrier-based naval operations with the French Navy. It has also been marketed for export. While several countries have expressed interest in the Rafale, there have been no foreign sales as yet.Dassault Rafale Specifications
General characteristics- Crew: 1–2
- Length: 15.27 m (50.1 ft)
- Wingspan: 10.80 m (35.4 ft)
- Height: 5.34 m (17.5 ft)
- Wing area: 45.7 m² (492 ft²)
- Empty weight: 9,500 kg (C), 9,770 kg (B), 10,196 kg (M) ()
- Max takeoff weight: 24,500 kg (C/D), 22,200 kg (M) (54,000 lb)
- Powerplant: 2× Snecma M88-2 turbofans
- Dry thrust: 50.04 kN (11,250 lbf) each
- Thrust with afterburner: 75.62 kN with M88-Eco >90 kN after 2010 (17,000 lbf) each
Performance
- Maximum speed:
- High altitude: Mach 2 (1,290 knots)
- Low altitude: 1,390 km/h, 750 knots
- Combat radius: 1,852+ km (1,000+ nmi) on penetration mission
- Service ceiling: 16,800 m (55,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 304.8+ m/s (1,000+ ft/s)
- Wing loading: 326 kg/m² (83 1/3 lb/ft²)
- Thrust/weight: 1.13
Armament
- Guns: 1× 30 mm (1.18 in) GIAT 30/719B cannon with 125 rounds
- Missiles:
- Air-to-air:
- MICA IR/EM or
- Magic II and in the future
- MBDA Meteor
- Air-to-ground:
- MBDA Apache or
- SCALP EG or
- AASM or
- GBU-12 Paveway II or
- AM 39 Exocet or
- ASMP-A nuclear missile
- Air-to-air:
| Rafale | |
|---|---|
| Role | Multirole fighter aircraft |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | Dassault Aviation |
| First flight | 4 July 1986 |
| Introduced | 4 December 2000 |
| Status | In production, in service |
| Primary users | French Air Force French Navy |
| Program cost | €39.6 billion (1 January 2008) |
| Unit cost | Rafale C: €64 million, US$82.3 million (flyaway cost, 2008) Rafale M: €70 million, US$90.5 million (flyaway cost, 2008) Unit cost: €163 million US$227.8 million 2010) |
Avionics
- Thales RBE2 radar
- Thales SPECTRA electronic warfare system.
- Thales/SAGEM OSF (Optronique Secteur Frontal) infrared search and track system.
Dasault Rafale Aerodynamics
The Dassault Rafale features a delta wing combined with active integrated (Close-coupled) canard to maximize maneuverability (withstanding +9 g or -3 g) while maintaining stability in flight, a maximum of 11 g can be reached in case of emergency. The canard also reduces landing speed to 115 knots. According to internal sources (Les essais en vol du Rafale) low speed limit is 100 kt but 80 kt is sometimes demonstrated during airshows by pilots willing to underline low speed qualities of the aircraft." "A minimum of 15 kt have been reached during simulated combat vs a Mirage 2000 by an aggressive pilot". The aircraft can operate from 400 meter runways.
Combat systems
The Dassault Rafale carries an integrated electronic survival system named SPECTRA which features a software-based virtual stealth technology. The most important sensor is the Thales RBE2 passive electronically scanned multi-mode radar. Thales claims to have achieved unprecedented levels of situational awareness through the earlier detection and tracking of multiple air targets for close combat and long-range interception, as well as real time generation of three-dimensional maps for terrain-following and the real time generation of high resolution ground maps for navigation and targeting.
However, in those circumstances when signature management is required, the Dassault Rafalecan use several passive sensor systems. The front-sector electro-optical system or Optronique Secteur Frontal (OSF), developed by Thales, is completely integrated within the aircraft and can operate both in the visible and infrared wavelengths.
The SPECTRA electronic warfare system, jointly developed by Thales and EADS France, provides the aircraft with the highest survivability assets against airborne and ground threats. The real-time data link allows communication not only with other aircraft, but also with fixed and mobile command and control centres. For those missions requiring it, the Rafale will also eventually use the DAMOCLES electro-optical/laser designation pod that brings full day and night LGB capability, though the Armée de l'Air's current plans call for Rafale to use stand off weapons, and for the LGB role to be handled by Mirage 2000s.
The Dassault Rafale core systems employ an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA), called MDPU (Modular Data Processing Unit). This architecture hosts all the core functions of the aircraft as Flight management system, Data Fusion, Fire Control, Man-Machine Interface, etc.
Dassault Rafale Cockpit
The cockpit uses a Martin-Baker Mark 16F "zero-zero” ejection seat, i.e. capable of being used at zero speed and zero altitude. The seat is inclined 29 degrees backwards to improve G force tolerance. The canopy hinges open to the right. An on-board oxygen generating system is provided to eliminate the need for multiple oxygen canisters.
The cockpit includes a wide-angle holographic Head Up Display (HUD) and two head-down flat-panel colour multifunction displays (MFDs). Display interaction is by means of touch input for which the pilot wears silk-lined leather gloves. In addition, in full development, the pilot will have a Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD).
The pilot flies the aircraft with a side-stick controller mounted on his right and a throttle on his left. These incorporate multiple `hands on throttle and stick’ (HOTAS) controls. The Rafale cockpit is also planned to include Direct Voice Input (DVI), allowing for pilot action by voice commands.
Dassault Rafale Radar signature reduction features
Although not a true stealth aircraft, the Dassault Rafale has reduced radar signature measures like many of its contemporaries such as the Super Hornet and Typhoon. According to Dassault, while most of the stealth design features are classified, extensive use of composite materials and serrated patterns on the trailing edges of the wings and canards help to reduce the radar cross section.
Standards
Initial deliveries of the Rafale M were to the F1 ("France 1") standard. This meant that the aircraft was suitable for air-to-air combat, replacing the obsolescent F-8 Crusader as the Aviation Navale's carrier-based fighter, but not equipped or armed for air-to-ground operations. Actual deliveries (to Flotille 11 some time after 2007) are to the "F2" standard, giving air-to-ground capability, and replacing the Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard in the ground attack role and the Dassault Étendard IVP in the reconnaissance role. This will leave the Rafale M as the only fixed-wing combat aircraft flown by the Aviation Navale, and plans are to upgrade all airframes to the "F3" standard, with terrain-following 3D radar and nuclear capability, from early in the decade following 2010.
The first Rafale C delivered to the Armée de l'Air, in June 2005, was to the "F2" standard, and it is anticipated that upgrades similar to those of the navy will take place in the future. The Rafale replaces the SEPECAT Jaguar, Mirage F1 and the Mirage 2000 in the Armée de l'Air.
